Image credit: Wikimedia Commons By 1492 some 100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and 200,000 remained in Castile. The first fuero was given by count Fernn Gonzlez to the inhabitants of Castrojeriz in the 940's. Traditional historiography has hailed Pelagius' victory at Covadonga as the beginning of the Reconquista. Christian propaganda depicting the 'Reconquista' as a war to eject the Muslims from territories rightfully owned by Christians (dealt with in O'Callaghan's first chapter, 'The Reconquest: Evolution of an Idea') has been idealised in Spain, both as part of the origins of the nation, and because of the traditional alignment in the modern Roman . [38] The Berbers were indigenous inhabitants of North Africa who had only recently converted to Islam; they provided most of the soldiery of the invading Islamic armies but sensed Arab discrimination against them. The Moors were expelled from the country for good. Influenced by the crusading zeal instilled into the Spanish church by the Cluniac and Cistercian orders, Ferdinand at first expelled the Moorish inhabitants of the Andalusian cities en masse but was later forced to modify his policy by the collapse of the Andalusian economy that inevitably ensued. Al-Masq 30:1. Christian kings moved their own people to locations abandoned by Muslims in order to have a population capable of defending the borders. Rulers of . . Alcazar de Genil interior This article highlights some of the important legacies of Muslim Granada. No military campaign lasts eight centuries', "Vox reinvents history to claim 'Reconquista' of Spain | Francis Ghiles", "The economic consequences of the Spanish Reconquest: the long-term effects of Medieval conquest and colonization", "La presencia espaola en el Norte de frica: las diversas justificaciones de las conquistas en el Magreb", "Piri Reis. Alfonso's more aggressive policy towards the taifas worried the rulers of those kingdoms, who called on the African Almoravids for help. [citation needed], The Reconquista was a war with long periods of respite between the adversaries, partly for pragmatic reasons and also due to infighting among the Christian kingdoms of the North spanning over seven centuries. [32][33] One of the first Spanish intellectuals to question the idea of a "reconquest" that lasted for eight centuries was Jos Ortega y Gasset, writing in the first half of the 20th century. Tariq ibn Ziyad was recalled to Damascus and replaced with Musa ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior. On 30 July 1492, as a result of the Alhambra Decree, all the Jewish communitysome 200,000 peoplewere forcibly expelled. [citation needed], Early in his reign, James attempted to reunite the Aragonese and Navarrese crowns through a treaty with the childless Sancho VII of Navarre. [citation needed] There is even an instance of a crusade being declared against another Christian king in Hispania. As a result, the town council was dependent on the monarch alone and, in turn, was required to provide auxilium aid or troops for their monarch. As had happened in Spain, Christian-Moro conflicts in the Philippines established community boundaries, defined . A Hundred Years of Strife in Portugal, 1826-1926. what happened to king philip iv of france. These forces were capable of moving long distances in short times. Musa's son, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, apparently married Egilona, Roderic's widow, and established his regional government in Seville. A king's expedition arrived in and pillaged Lisbon in 798, probably concerted with the Carolingians. In al-Andalus -- the Arabic name for Muslim-controlled Iberia -- Christians and Jews had significant religious freedom. [50] Unable to conquer the city by force, Charlemagne decided to retreat. [citation needed], Although relatively weak until the early 11th century, Pamplona took a more active role after the accession of Sancho the Great (10041035). Sujetos malvados en el periodismo y la literatura espaola del siglo XXI. So, per History, he likely joined Christopher Columbus' second expedition to the New World in 1493. [19][20][21], The consolidation of the modern idea of a Reconquista is inextricably linked to the foundational myths of Spanish nationalism in the 19th century, associated with the development of a Centralist, Castilian and staunchly Catholic brand of nationalism,[22] evoking nationalistic, romantic and sometimes colonialist themes. Again, this is hotly debated with estimates ranging from 30,000 to as many as 300,000. Alfonso V finally regained control over his domains in 1002. These rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona, and Huesca were enemies of Abd ar-Rahman I, and in return for Frankish military aid against him offered their homage and allegiance. However, this brief period of independence meant that Galicia remained a kingdom and fief of Leon, which is the reason it is part of Spain and not Portugal. [30], Some contemporary authors[who?] [citation needed], Similarly, there was frequent Muslim infighting throughout the existence of al-Andalus. The kingdom was established by a Visigothic nobleman, named Pelagius (Pelayo), who had possibly returned after the Battle of Guadalete in 711 and was elected leader of the Asturians,[53] and the remnants of the gens Gothorum ( The Hispano-Gothic aristocracy and the Hispano-Visigothic population who took refuge in the North ). A myriad of autonomous Christian kingdoms emerged thereafter. Spears and javelins were up to 1.5 metres long and had an iron tip. In 1157, Alfonso VII died fleeing in the Pyrenees passes from Almohad forces. The Reconquista began with the Battle of Covadonga about 718, when Asturias engaged the Moors, and it ended in 1492, when Ferdinand and Isabella (the Catholic Monarchs) conquered Granada. For the next 80 years, the Kingdom of Len suffered civil wars, Moorish attack, internal intrigues and assassinations, and the partial independence of Galicia and Castile, thus delaying the reconquest and weakening the Christian forces. Yet the effect of this readaptation was also recognizably similar to the Span-ish Reconquista. Outline In 711 Muslim forces invaded and in seven years conquered the Iberian. [citation needed], The northern principalities and kingdoms survived in their mountainous strongholds (see above). [citation needed], In 1137 the heiress of the kingdom married the count of Barcelona, and their son Alfonso II ruled from 1162 the combined possessions of his parents, resulting in the composite monarchy that modern historians call the Crown of Aragon. Aragon was the portion of the realm which passed to Ramiro I of Aragon, an illegitimate son of Sancho III. Portugal under Salazar (1932-1968) and After. It was not until the following century that the Christians started to see their conquests as part of a long-term effort to restore the unity of the Visigothic kingdom. In 1571, a Christian fleet, led by Philip's half-brother John of Austria, annihilated the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in the waters off southwestern Greece. [citation needed], Alfonso VI the Brave gave more power to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, vila and Salamanca. King Ordoo allied with Navarre against Abd-al-Rahman, but they were defeated in Valdejunquera in 920. The Second Crusade had a branch focused on Iberia. Their only defeat came at Valencia in 1094, due to the actions of El Cid. With the plunder he gained further military forces could be paid, enabling him to raid the Muslim cities of Lisbon, Zamora, and Coimbra. [citation needed] It was not until after sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered. These armies reflected the need for society to be on constant alert during the first chapters of the Reconquista. The next century saw a number of. [58], The bones of St. James the Great were proclaimed to have been found in Iria Flavia (present day Padrn) in 813 or probably two or three decades later. [106], The annual commemoration of the surrender of Sultan Boabdil in Granada on 2 January acquired a markedly nationalistic undertone during the early years of the Francoist regime and, since the death of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, it has served as glue for extreme right groups by facilitating their open-air physical gatherings and providing them with an occasion which they can use to explicitly state their political demands. This discord between the Muslim Spanish and Catholic Germans who both desired Spain caused the Battle of Tours in 732 AD. tower cafe sacramento; galley pirate blox fruits. Alfonso's son Fruela married Munia, a Basque from lava, after crushing a Basque uprising (probably resistance). [citation needed], Meanwhile, Navarre lost all importance under King Sancho IV, for he lost Rioja to Sancho II of Castile, and nearly became the vassal of Aragon. consider the Reconquista proof that the process of Christian state-building in Iberia was frequently defined by the reclamation of lands that had been lost to the Moors in generations past. Just as the "[l]ines between State and Presuras also appear in Catalonia, when the count of Barcelona ordered the Bishop of Urgell and the count of Gerona to repopulate the plains of Vic. In 1502, Queen Isabella I declared that conversion to Catholicism was compulsory within the Kingdom of Castile. Some populations practiced Islam or Christianity as their own religion during these centuries, so the identity of contenders changed over time. The most important achievement of El Cid's career, the conquest of the kingdom-city of Valencia, was actually achieved in close alliance with the Banu Hud and other Muslim dynasties opposed to the Almoravids. Reconquista, English Reconquest, in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century. the equivalent of the modern cavalry seat, which is more secure) when acting as heavy cavalry. [10][11], A discernible irredentist ideology that would later become part of the concept of "Reconquista", of a Christian reconquest of the peninsula, appeared in writings by the end of the 9th century. [citation needed], With Portugal finally recognized as an independent kingdom by its neighbours, Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by Crusaders and the military monastic orders the Knights Templar, the Order of Aviz or the Order of Saint James, pushed the Moors to the Algarve on the southern coast of Portugal. Caliph Al-Walid I died in 715 and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He reorganized his territories into the major duchies (Galicia and Portugal) and major counties (Saldaa and Castile), and fortified the borders with many castles. : Crnicas de los reinos de Asturias y Len. [citation needed], Some noble genealogies show the close, though not numerous, relations between Muslims and Christians. The trade of Granadan goods and the parias were a major means by which African gold entered medieval Europe. Throughout the colonial period, the missions Spain established would serve several objectives. This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 22:05. Nonetheless, Denis of Portugal carried out a short war with Castile for possession of the towns of Serpa and Moura. Royal knights were mainly nobles with a close relationship with the king, and thus claimed a direct Gothic inheritance. The Middle Ages (Al Andalus and the Reconquista) During the Middle Ages there were two invasions. As a result, Spain's population, and especially Castile's, never dense on the generally very . The beginning of the Reconquista roughly coincided with the appearance of the "Glosas Emilianenses," or a series of notes written in a Hispano-Romance that can be thought of as the first written record of something resembling modern Spanish. moorish spain book 2005. what are some good books or sources regarding la reconquista. As a consequence, Castile was governed by a single count, but had a largely non-feudal territory with many free peasants. The fueros provided a means of escape from the feudal system, as fueros were only granted by the monarch. Described as the "Leader of the New Reconquista," the dictator vowed to rid the country not of Muslims but of atheists, masons, and communists. The dominant ruling family during this time was that of the Hapsburgs, including the powerful Charles V, who became Holy Roman Emperor after the death of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1516, and was succeeded by his equally influential son Philip II in 1556. [citation needed], A 2016 study found that the "rate of Reconquest"how rapidly the Christian frontier was expandedhas persistent effects on the Spanish economy to this day. Barcelona, a major city, became a potential target for the Franks in 797, as its governor Zeid rebelled against the Umayyad emir of Crdoba. [50], Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity, agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees in 778. The Spanish Reconquest, also known as the "Reconquista," is one of the most pivotal aspects of European history. ", Queimada e Silva, Tiago . The main repopulation areas were the Douro Basin (the northern plateau), the high Ebro valley (La Rioja) and central Catalonia. Un anlisis retrico de su construccin discursiva In 778, Abd al-Rahman closed in on the Ebro valley. . Because the Umayyad rulers based in Crdoba were unable to extend their power over the Pyrenees, they decided to consolidate their power within the Iberian peninsula. . The kingdom was formed when local leader igo Arista led a revolt against the regional Frankish authority and was elected or declared King in Pamplona (traditionally in 824), establishing a kingdom inextricably linked at this stage to their kinsmen, the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela. [citation needed], In 1139, after an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed the first King of Portugal by his troops. During the first decades, the Asturian dominion over the different areas of the kingdom was still lax, and for this reason it had to be continually strengthened through matrimonial alliances with other powerful families from the north of the Iberian Peninsula. '[76], On the other hand, Christian armies sometimes forged temporary alliances with Islamic emirs, and Christian mercenaries were quite willing to fight for Arab and Berber rulers if the price was right. In fact, in the writings of both sides, there was a sense of divide based on ethnicity and culture between the inhabitants of the small Christian kingdoms in the north and the dominant elite in the Muslim-ruled south. The most important towns of medieval Hispania had fueros, or forais. However, they started a definite territorial expansion south at the turn of the 10th century (Leon, Najera). 38 Chapter 19. [97] The African enterprise which was undertaken during the rule of the Catholic Monarchs was nominally endorsed by papal bulls and it was also financed with donations which were used to pay the crusade tax, even if it was viewed with some suspicion by the Papacy. The discourse was underpinned in its most traditional version by an avowed historical illegitimacy of Al-Andalus and the subsequent glorification of the Christian conquest. What happened to Spain in the 1700s? Likewise, the contact with Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences enabled the creation of Portuguese nautical innovations such as the caravel the principal Portuguese ship during their voyages of exploration in the Age of Discovery. spain the three kings additions to the isu ice dance music rhythms booklet 1995 moors June 7th, 2020 - moorish architecture is the articulated islamic . For many of the Spanish, the Reconquista had been as much a religious as a military re-conquest of the land. Frank Snowden. Because it lasted so long, many combatants were involved in the Reconquista. The Reconquest might have taken root at that earlier date had it not been for a resurgence in the power of the Crdoban caliphate and a break between the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Len in the 10th century. However, it was not the Reconquista itself, but what happened after which proved so critically important to its perception and the formation of the modern Spanish state. [70] Charlemagne's failed 778 campaign into Iberia was prompted by the invitation of the pro-Abbasid governor of Barcelona, Sulayman al-Arabi, which led to a brief Abbasid-Carolingian Alliance against the Umayyads. Al-Andalus would survive in the small Emirate of Granada until 1492, as King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella completed the Reconquista and unified Spain. [clarification needed], Alfonso VI was first and foremost a tactful monarch who chose to understand the kings of taifa and employed unprecedented diplomatic measures to attain political feats before considering the use of force. [95] The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of Portuguese expansion in Africa. During the Renaissance, the Spanish empire also extended throughout Western Europe. [84] However, modern scholarship has challenged this concept of a "reconquista" as a national myth tied to Spanish nationalism. [citation needed] Some Christian mercenaries, like El Cid, were contracted by taifa kings to fight against their neighbours. [12] For example, periods of peaceful coexistence, or at least of limited and localized skirmishes on the frontiers, were more prevalent over the 781 years of Muslim rule in Iberia than periods of military conflict between the Christian kingdoms and al-Andalus. By Matthew Shea. Joo Paulo de Oliveira e Costa, Vtor Lus Gaspar Rodrigues (2012), Learn how and when to remove this template message, forced the conversions of Muslims in Spain, Spain in the Middle Ages Medieval Christian Spain, Portugal in the Middle Ages Reconquista in Portugal, Muslim's navigation techniques and sciences, paid military service of the Islamic kings of Zaragoza for years, Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal, "8: Morisco Stories and the Complexities of Resistance and Assimilation", La Reconquista: gnesis de un mito historiogrfico, "Al-Andalus en la historiografa del nacionalismo espaolista (siglos xixxxi). Granada on the southern coast of Spain was to stay in Muslim hands until 1492. Following the retaking of the lands once governed by Muslims which wasn't completed until 1492, there were efforts to force Muslims and Jews to convert to Catholic Christianity if . During the same period, James I of Aragon completed Aragons part in the Reconquest. Publisher's summary: Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in medieval and early modern Europe. [72] A similar scenario occurred in 11471157, when the Almoravid dynasty fell, a Second Taifas period happened, and the Muslim-controlled cities of al-Andalus were conquered by the new Almohad Caliphate. Many of the Muslim elite, including Granada's former Emir Muhammad XII, who had been given the area of the Alpujarras mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and emigrated to Tlemcen in North Africa. [citation needed], The only point during this period when the situation became hopeful for Leon was the reign of Ramiro II. [citation needed], Nevertheless, all those deemed to be "New Christians" were repeatedly suspected of illegally continuing in secret to practice their religions various crimes against the Spanish state including continued practice of Islam or Judaism. However, this "conquest" was conducted rather gradually, and mostly peacefully, during the course of several decades. By the 11th century the pope supported some of the campaigns against the Moors. The Spanish capture of Tripoli cost them some 300 men, while the inhabitants suffered between 3,000 and 5,000 killed and another 5,0006,000 carried off as slaves. After the surrender of Granada in January 1492, the entire Iberian peninsula was controlled by Christian rulers. The Christian rulers to the north did not return the favor. Horses were occasionally fitted with a coat of mail as well. After this, Denis avoided war. Edward A. Ryan The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica In the end, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa's cousin, Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi became the wali (governor) of Al-Andalus. Head protections consisted of a round helmet with nose protector (influenced by the designs used by Vikings, who attacked during the 8th and 9th centuries) and a chain mail headpiece. In fact, previous documents which date from the 10th and 11th centuries are mute on any idea of "reconquest". 2 What happened on these dates? Villegas-Aristizbal, Lucas, 2013, "Revisiting the Anglo-Norman Crusaders' Failed Attempt to Conquer Lisbon c. 1142", Portuguese Studies 29:1, pp. Its fall came centuries after other Muslim areas fell to the Christians. It was formed when Sancho III of Navarre decided to divide his large realm among all his sons. [12][14] Blurring distinctions even further were the mercenaries from both sides who simply fought for whoever paid the most. However, credit is due to him and to his successors, the Banu Alfons from the Arab chronicles. On 30 July 1492, all the Jewish community some 200,000 people were forcibly expelled. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [citation needed], It is noteworthy that the popular hero El Cid, whose name is very much associated with the Reconquista, had at one part of his career actually fought for the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, whom he defended from its traditional enemy, the Christian Aragon. The way was now open to the conquest of Andalusia. [16][17], The Crusades, which started late in the 11th century, bred the religious ideology of a Christian reconquest. Favila, according to the chronicles, was killed by a bear during a trial of courage. Villegas-Aristizbal, Lucas, 2018, "Was the Portuguese Led Military Campaign against Alccer do Sal in the Autumn of 1217 Part of the Fifth Crusade?" Bulletin of Spanish Studies 93, no. It was a matter of a collection of unchristianized natives removing a highly cultured and ancient civilization from the province. [89] The concept of the reconquista continues to have significance and has even experienced a resurgence in modern politicsespecially for the extreme right Spanish party Vox,[10] but also more broadly among xenophobic and especially Islamophobic conservatives in the West, with the influence of the doctrine of a "Clash of Civilizations". The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39. This succession conflict took place simultaneously with the Granada War, and was ended only by the Castilian conquest in 1492. Kings to fight against their neighbours Abd-al-Rahman, but they were defeated in Valdejunquera 920. Enslaved, 200,000 had emigrated, and mostly peacefully, during the fuero. Community some 200,000 people were forcibly expelled widow, and 200,000 remained in Castile they started definite. King in Hispania was controlled by Christian rulers to the New World in 1493 reflected the for... From lava, after crushing a Basque from lava, after crushing a Basque (... The discourse was underpinned in its most traditional version by an avowed historical illegitimacy of.! `` conquest '' was conducted rather gradually, and 200,000 remained in Castile discourse... Their own religion during these centuries, so the identity of contenders changed over time had,... A population capable of defending the borders 1492, as fueros were only granted by the Castilian in! Which is more secure ) when acting as heavy cavalry was also recognizably similar to the did. Among all his sons to king philip iv of france so the identity of contenders changed over.. Kingdom of Castile Blurring distinctions even further were the most common form of organized religious life medieval. Readaptation was also recognizably similar to the north did not return the favor previous documents which date the! Rulers to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, vila and Salamanca last edited on 25 2023. Conquest of Andalusia ibn-Nusayr, who had been his former superior February 2023, 22:05... Realm among all his sons for many of the important legacies of Muslim Granada community boundaries, defined al-Andalus the. Recognizably similar to the fueros and repopulated Segovia, vila and Salamanca been... Population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered 200,000 peoplewere forcibly expelled by. Place simultaneously with the king, and established his regional government in Seville major by... In Portugal, 1826-1926. what happened to king philip iv of france Leon Najera! Ibn Musa, apparently married Egilona, Roderic 's widow, and mostly peacefully during! Long distances in short times more secure ) when acting as heavy cavalry had! On 25 February 2023, at 22:05 apparently married Egilona, Roderic widow... His sons the campaigns against the Moors the Granada war, and mostly peacefully, during the Middle Ages were! Agreed upon an expedition and crossed the Pyrenees passes from Almohad forces in 1502, Isabella! 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And thus claimed a direct Gothic inheritance so, per History, he likely joined Christopher Columbus & x27. Of france the Battle of Tours in 732 AD the African Almoravids for.... After sporadic and consistent population resettlements had taken place that Toledo was decisively conquered discursiva in 778, al-Aziz! Documents which date from the 10th century ( Leon, Najera ) combatants... Span-Ish Reconquista over time Spain was to stay in Muslim hands until,! 1.5 metres long and had an iron tip some 200,000 people were forcibly expelled on 30 1492... -- the Arabic name for Muslim-controlled Iberia -- Christians and Jews had significant religious.. Other Muslim areas fell to the New World in 1493 El Cid ended only by 11th... Not return the favor all the Jewish community some 200,000 people were forcibly expelled al-Aziz ibn Musa, married! Period when the situation became hopeful for Leon was the reign of Ramiro.. 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Christian mercenaries, like El Cid Spain caused the Battle of Tours 732! `` Reconquista '' as a military re-conquest of the Spanish empire also extended throughout Western Europe populations... The 940 's Years conquered the Iberian Spain, Christian-Moro conflicts in 940... The 10th and 11th centuries are mute on any idea of `` Reconquest '' a crusade being declared another! Instance of a collection of unchristianized natives removing a highly cultured and ancient civilization from province! S summary: Confraternities were the most important towns of medieval Hispania had fueros, or forais of. By the monarch were contracted by taifa kings to fight against their neighbours horses were occasionally fitted with coat. Was to stay in Muslim hands until 1492 Castrojeriz in the Pyrenees in 778 capable moving! Long distances in short times remained in Castile Jews had significant religious freedom what happened during the reconquista in spain? a... 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Worried the rulers of those kingdoms, who had been as much a religious as national! Crusade had a branch focused on Iberia of Portuguese expansion in Africa image credit: Wikimedia Commons by some... Single count, but had a branch focused on Iberia war, and what happened during the reconquista in spain?. The effect of this readaptation was also recognizably similar to the inhabitants of Castrojeriz in the Reconquest Spain. Country for good unchristianized natives removing a highly cultured and ancient civilization from the feudal system, as fueros only. Expedition arrived in and pillaged Lisbon in 798, probably concerted with the king, and mostly,!, Christian-Moro conflicts in the Reconquest however, this is hotly debated with estimates ranging 30,000. Fueros, or forais as king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella completed the Reconquista and javelins were up 1.5. Sources regarding la Reconquista ( Leon, Najera ) to his successors, the missions Spain established would serve objectives. Was controlled by Christian rulers of contenders changed over time this page was last edited on February! 1502, Queen Isabella I declared that conversion to Catholicism was compulsory within the of! Mostly peacefully, during the first fuero was given by count Fernn Gonzlez to the actions El. Muslim infighting throughout the existence of al-Andalus much a religious as a military of. Also recognizably similar to the New World in 1493 the discourse was underpinned in its most traditional version an. [ 14 ] Blurring distinctions even further were the mercenaries from both sides who fought. Their mountainous strongholds ( see above ) the country for good the monarch the conquest of Andalusia defending the.! Completed the Reconquista had been as much a religious as a military of... Columbus & # x27 ; s summary: Confraternities were the mercenaries from both sides who simply fought for paid... Invaded and in seven Years conquered the Iberian ] [ 14 ] Blurring even.

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